According to Pakistani historians, the trauma was extremely severe, and the cost of the war for Pakistan in monetary terms and in human resources was very high. Anque esisten desalcuerdos sobre les feches esactes de la guerra, les hostilidaes ente India y Paquistán empezaron oficialmente na tarde del 3 d'avientu de 1971. "[88]:part-3 Despite this warning, in November 1971, thousands of people led by conservative Pakistani politicians marched in Lahore and across Pakistan, calling for Pakistan to "crush India". ; Desde 2017, Cox’s Bazar se ha convertido en el lugar que acoge el campo de refugiados más grande del mundo. Molte civili innocenti e disarmati sono stati uccisi a Dacca e in altre città del Bangladesh. [231], On 2 July 1972, the Indo-Pakistani summit was held in Simla, Himachal Pradesh, India where the Simla Agreement was reached and signed between President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Le forze pakistane, in inferiorità numerica, incapaci di contrastare efficacemente l'attacco indiano, indebolite dai continui attacchi della guerriglia Mukti Bahini, ed impossibilitate nel difendere Dacca, si arresero il 16 dicembre 1971. La Guerra indo-pakistaní de 1971 foi un conflictu militar importante ente India y Paquistán.La guerra tuvo cercanamente acomuñada cola Guerra de Lliberación de Bangladex (delles vegaes tamién denomada Guerra Civil Pakistaní). [60] The Government of Pakistan used the "Bihari massacre" to justify its deployment of the military in East Pakistan on 25 March, when it initiated its military crackdown. But India was alert, Pakistani pilots were inept, and Yahya's strategy of scattering his thin air force over a dozen air fields was a bust! [94] Over the next five months, India released more than 90,000 war prisoners, with Lieutenant-General A.A.K. [159]:79[verification needed], Sri Lanka saw the partition of Pakistan as an example for themselves and feared India might use its enhanced power against them in the future. Indian Armed Forces V/s Pakistani Armed Forces. [100]:75–76, In the western theatre of the war, the Indian Navy's Western Naval Command under Vice admiral S.N. Il leader bengalese chiamò, con un messaggio radio, il popolo alla resistenza. From East Pakistan to Bangladesh: What went wrong? Il 16 dicembre 1971 il generale Niazi firmò la resa delle forze armate pakistane. [79]:164 According to Jussi Hanhimäki, Finnish historian of terrorism, the Bengali terrorism in the East is a somewhat "forgotten episode of annals of terrorism. Indo-Pakistani War of 1971; Part of the Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts and Bangladesh Liberation War: First Row: Lt-Gen. A.A.K. El historiador musulmán Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah estimó que la conquista de la zona que hoy forma La India, Pakistán y Bangladesh trajo consigo unos 400 millones de muertos. The evidence fails to support Nixon and Kissinger's own framing of the 1971 crisis as a contest between cool-headed realpolitik and idealistic humanitarianism, and instead shows that Kissinger and Nixon's policy decisions harmed their stated goals because of repeated decision-making errors. this was the 1st war where some country used rape as weapon. [156][154][157] To this date, its relations with Bangladesh are determined by the Pakistan factor. Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 21 dic 2020 alle 19:11. [121], The PAF played a more limited role in the operations. [78] In 1971, a strong wave of Indian-supported Bangladeshi nationalism emerged in the East. Niazi, the Cdr. [179]:xxx[180] Demoralized and finding itself unable to control the situation, the Yahya administration fell when President Yahya Khan turned over his presidency to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who was sworn in on 20 December 1971 as President with the control of the military.[181]. La risposta pakistana consistette nel paracadutare due divisioni di fanteria ed in una contestuale riorganizzazione delle proprie forze oltre che nell'organizzazione delle forze paramilitari dei Razakar, degli Al-Badrs e degli Al-Shams (che erano in gran parte membri della Lega Musulmana, il partito di governo, e di altri gruppi islamici), oltre che di altri bengalesi che si opponevano all'indipendenza, come i musulmani Bihar stabilitisi nel Bengala nel corso della divisione dell'India britannica. [100]:82–83 From 4 December onwards, the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant was deployed, and its Sea Hawk fighter-bombers attacked many coastal towns in East Pakistan, including Chittagong and Cox's Bazar. La guerriglia nel Bangladesh operò per causare il maggior numero possibile di vittime pakistane attraverso incursioni e imboscate, colpendo le attività economiche e le centrali elettriche, le linee ferroviarie, i depositi di stoccaggio e le reti di comunicazione. Since China is an ally of Pakistan, the People’s Republic of China reacted with productively towards situation in East Pakistan and the prospect of India invading West Pakistan. of Pakistani Eastern Comnd., signing the documented instrument in Dacca in the presence of Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora (GOC-in-C of Indian Eastern Comnd.Surojit Sen of All India Radio is seen holding a microphone on the right. Malgrado fosse maggiormente popolato, il Pakistan orientale riceveva una frazione del budget dello Stato inferiore a quella della regione occidentale. [215] To this day, the issue of committed atrocities and pogroms is an influential factor in the Bangladesh–Pakistan relations. Bangladesh should have been thankful to Jinnah for their independence in 1947. Find Bangladesh Pakistan Latest News, Videos & Pictures on Bangladesh Pakistan and see latest updates, news, information from NDTV.COM. 14 Squadron Tail Choppers under Squadron Leader PQ Mehdi, who was taken as POW, was destroyed, putting the Dhaka air defence out of commission and resulting in Indian air superiority in the East. [123]:596 Major ground attacks were concentrated on the western border by the Pakistan Army, fighting together with the Pakistan Marines in the southern border, but the Indian Army was successful in penetrating into Pakistani soil. The loss of East Pakistan shattered the prestige of the Pakistani military. The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by the USS Enterprise task force in the Indian Ocean. [126]:1–2, The War Enquiry Commission later exposed the fact that for the Pakistan Army and Pakistan Marines, the arms and training of marines, soldiers and officers were needed at every level, and every level of command. [194] The military was heavily reconstructed and heavily reorganised, with President Bhutto appointing chiefs of staff in each inter-service, contrary to C-in-Cs, and making instruction on human rights compulsory in the military syllabus in each branch of inter-services. By Towheed Feroze. Per esempio in Bangladesh si celebra il 16 dicembre il Giorno della Vittoria. Le historia de Pakistan posterior a su independentia ha essite characterisate per periodos de governamento militar, instabilitate politic et per le conflicto con su vicin India, altere pais con armas nuclear, pro le controlo de Kashmir . Retrieved 31 July 2016. Diffidando del crescente coinvolgimento indiano, le forze aeree pakistane della Pakistani Fida'iyye lanciarono un attacco preventivo su basi aeree indiane il 3 dicembre 1971. [209] There had been reports of Bengali insurgents indiscriminately killing non-Bengalis throughout the East; however, neither side provided substantial proofs for their claims and both Bangladeshi and Pakistani figures contradict each other over this issue. El fin del dominio colonial inglés sobre la India en 1947 originó dos nuevos Estados: la Unión de la India (que sería tres años después la República de la India) y Pakistán. In his book The 1971 Indo-Pak War: A Soldier's Narrative, Pakistan Army's Major General Hakeem Arshad Qureshi, a veteran of this conflict, noted: We must accept the fact that, as a people, we had also contributed to the bifurcation of our own country. El de Bangladesh es uno de los genocidios ocurridos después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial de los que menos se habla. Travolto da due fronti di guerra, l'esercito pakistano non fu in grado di reggere l'urto e dichiarò la resa il 16 dicembre. Moreover, the army had failed to fulfill its promises of fighting to the last man. The eastern command had laid down arms after losing only 1,300 men in battle. [32] India successfully led a diplomatic campaign to isolate Pakistan and skilfully manipulate Pakistan's supporting countries to limit the extent of support to Pakistan. Si crede che azioni militari cinesi contro l'India per proteggere il Pakistan occidentale avrebbero causato azioni sovietiche contro la stessa Cina. [161][162] As Pakistani aircraft could not fly over Indian territory, they would have to take a longer route around India and so they stopped at Bandaranaike Airport in Sri Lanka where they were refuelled before flying to East Pakistan. Aug 1, 2015 - Its is about 1971 Bangladesh liberation war. Una prima resistenza fu spontanea e disorganizzata, non si credeva perciò che potesse durare a lungo. [36][39][40][41], It is estimated that members of the Pakistani military and supporting Islamist militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians in Bangladesh. L'obiettivo era quello di schiacciare la resistenza bengalese: i militari orientali furono disarmati e uccisi, arresti ed uccisioni colpirono gli studenti e gli intellettuali. [93]:82[95], In an address to the nation on radio that same evening, Prime Minister Gandhi held that the air strikes were a declaration of war against India[96][97] and the Indian Air Force (IAF) responded with initial air strikes the same night. [225] It laid the blame squarely on Pakistan Army generals, accusing them of debauchery, smuggling, war crimes and neglect of duty. La Cina in ogni caso continuò a concedere forniture militari al Pakistan. It includes 257 Indians, 88 Americans, 41 Pakistanis, 39 Britons, 9 Russians, 18 Nepalese, 16 French and 18 Japanese. Why would Pakistan attack Bangladesh? Il governo del Bangladesh in esilio ed il comandante Osmani optarono per una diversa strategia. Come ogni conflitto dell’epoca, la guerra di liberazione bengalese si andò a posizionare all’interno delle dinamiche della Guerra Fredda: gli americani sostennero il Pakistan, al contrario dei sovietici, che presero le parti del Bangladesh e dell’India. After the war, however, Iran began cementing ties with India based on mutual security co-operation. [68], After the resignations of Admiral S.M. The East Pakistan Rifles and Bengali officers in Pakistan's army, navy, and marines, defected to the rebellion after taking refuge in different parts of India. [105], In the eastern theatre of the war, the Indian Eastern Naval Command, under Vice Admiral Nilakanta Krishnan, completely isolated East Pakistan by a naval blockade in the Bay of Bengal, trapping the Eastern Pakistan Navy and eight foreign merchant ships in their ports. The Soviet Union reportedly warned Pakistan against the war, which they termed as "suicidal course for Pakistan's unity. [75][76][77] Defected East Pakistan military officers and the elements of Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) immediately started using the Indian refugee camps for recruitment and training of Mukti Bahini guerrillas that were to be trained against Pakistan. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. [60], In early March 1971, approximately 300 Biharis were slaughtered in riots by Bengali mobs in Chittagong alone. [69][139][140], Then U.S. it lead to 400,000 rapes from ages 12-40. . These led to the resignation of President Ayub Khan, who invited army chief General Yahya Khan to take over the central government. Sull'onda delle proteste di piazza, il 7 dicembre si tennero le prime elezioni generali da quando il Pakistan, nel 1947, aveva ottenuto l'indipendenza. Nel luglio 1971, la prima ministra indiana Indira Gandhi si riferì ufficialmente al Pakistan orientale con il nome di Bangladesh. Indira Gandhi, presidenta de la India acogió a los refugiados pero se negó a reconocer la existencia de un Bangladesh independiente. Enterprise and its escort ships arrived on station on 11 December 1971. We hail the people of Bangladesh in their hour of triumph. At least, the White House was actively against the idea of a dismembered Pakistan. [61] President Yahya Khan called on the military – which was overwhelmingly led by West Pakistanis – to suppress dissent in the East, after accepting the resignation of Lieutenant-General Yaqub Ali Khan, the chief of staff of the East-Pakistani military. This was one of shortest time war in the world war history. In una situazione di crescente instabilità politica, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, il leader della Lega Awami, precedentemente all'intervento militare occidentale, in un discorso tenuto il 7 marzo a Dacca davanti ad oltre due milioni di persone invitò tutti i bengalesi alla disobbedienza civile e a prepararsi per una potenziale guerra d'indipendenza: La nostra lotta è per la nostra libertà. In the “remaining” West Pakistan people came out on the streets declaring … [27] A squadron of Indian Navy's Osa missile boats approached the Karachi port and launched a series of Soviet-acquired Styx missiles, that resulted in further destruction of reserve fuel tanks and the sinking of three Pakistani merchant ships, as well as foreign ships docked in Karachi. Politici e società civile del Pakistan orientale annunciarono la dichiarazione di indipendenza del Bangladesh. [83], By the end of April 1971, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had asked the Indian Army chief General Sam Manekshaw if he was ready to go to war with Pakistan. President Nixon gave permission for Jordan to send ten F-104s and promised to provide replacements. [136]:281 During the Cold War, Pakistan was a close formal ally of the United States and also had close relations with the People's Republic of China, with whom Nixon had been negotiating a rapprochement and where he intended to visit in February 1972. [98]:333 The main Indian objective on the Eastern front was to capture Dacca, and on the Western front was to prevent Pakistan from entering Indian soil. the war lasted for 9 months killing 3 million. [104] The Pakistan Air Force did not attack the Indian Navy ships, and confusion remained the next day when the civilian pilots of Pakistan International, acting as reconnaissance war pilots, misidentified PNS Zulfiqar and the air force attacked its own warship, inflicting major damages and killing several officers on board. La Guerra d'Alliberament de Bangladesh va ser una guerra entre el Pakistan occidental (actualment Pakistan) i el Pakistan Oriental (des del 1971 oficialment Bangla Desh), que es va desenvolupar des del 26 de març fins al 17 de desembre de 1971.La guerra va començar com una insurrecció al Pakistan Oriental liderada pels Mukti Bahini (Lluitadors per la Llibertat). La resistenza bengalese venne condotta con azioni di guerriglia da parte della formazione partigiana Mukti Bahini (bn: মুক্তি বাহিনী, Combattenti per la libertà o Esercito di liberazione), composta da militari dell'est, paramilitari e gruppi civili. It is best answered by knowledgeable Pakistanis or Bangladeshis. El país Bangladesh existe desde hace menos de 50 años.En 1971, consiguió su independencia de Pakistán, un país con el que no hace frontera. (Wikipedia) China. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad. [citation needed], On the brink of defeat in around 14 December 1971, the media reports indicated that the Pakistan Army soldiers, the local East Pakistan Police they controlled, razakars and the Shanti Committee carried out systematic killings of professionals such as physicians, teachers, and other intellectuals,[199][200] as part of a pogrom against the Bengali Hindu minorities who constituted the majority of urban educated intellectuals. "[147], After the war, the United States accepted the new balance of power and recognised India as a dominant player in South Asia; the US immediately engaged in strengthening bilateral relations between the two countries in the successive years. L'assoluta incapacità del governo nell'organizzazione e nella gestione degli aiuti portò dapprima ad una marcia di protesta degli studenti (19 novembre), poi ad una manifestazione di oltre 50.000 persone che chiese le dimissioni del Presidente, ed infine allo sciopero generale promosso dalla Lega Awami, il più importante movimento politico della regione. Un'ulteriore preoccupazione venne dal fatto che il Pakistan non era riuscito a raccogliere il sostegno internazionale, e si trovò a combattere una battaglia solitaria, con solo gli Stati Uniti a fornire qualche aiuto esterno. The Soviet Union gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed, it would take counter-measures. Un guerra civil in 1971 resultava in le secession de Pakistan Oriental, que passava a appellar se Bangladesh. Niazi (Cdr. A União Soviética apoiou firmemente os lutadores pela liberdade bengalis durante a Guerra de Libertação de Bangladesh e forneceu assistência significativa, reconhecendo que a independência de Bangladesh enfraqueceria a posição de seus rivais - os Estados Unidos e a China. The Bangladesh Force, namely the Mukti Bahini, consisting of Niyomito Bahini (Regular Force) and Oniyomito Bahini (Guerilla Force), was formed under the retired colonel Mohammad Ataul Gani Osmani. L'8 novembre 1970 un ciclone tropicale nacque nel Golfo del Bengala, raggiungendo le coste del Pakistan orientale 4 giorni dopo. La Lega Awami con quasi 13 milioni di voti conquistò 160 seggi sui 162 in palio nel Pakistan orientale e, sebbene incapace di ottenere seggi ad occidente, ebbe la maggioranza assoluta del Parlamento (300 seggi totali). "[190] Farman forcefully denied writing that comment, and laid all responsibility on Tikka, while testifying at the War Enquiry Commission in 1974. Nel 1971 poi ci fu una nuova guerra questa volta nella parte orientale del Pakistan, che portò alla nascita dello stato del Bangladesh come voluto da Nuova Delhi. Il 26 marzo il leader della Lega Awami, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, dichiarò l’indipendenza del Pakistan orientale con il nome di Bangladesh, mentre il paese andava rapidamente verso la guerra civile. [citation needed] The First War Report was submitted in July 1972, but it was very critically opined and penned on political misconducts of politicians and the military interference in national politics. [218]:22–197 Written in moral and philosophical perspective, the First Report was lengthy and provided accounts that were unpalatable to be released to the public. [123]:596 In addition, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's state visit to United Kingdom and France further helped break ice with the United States, and blocked any pro-Pakistan resolution in the United Nations. [240], In 2009, the issue of establishing the International Crimes Tribunal began to take public support. La guerra del Noroeste Pakistán es uno de los conflictos denominados de alta intensidad por la ONU. The third war between India and Pakistan took place between November 22 (when the Indian's began providing active artillery support to the seperatists) and Dec 17, 1971. El 17 de Diciembre de 1971 finalizaba la "Guerra de Bangladesh". [100]:85–87 In retaliation, the Pakistan Navy submarines, Hangor, Mangro, and Shushuk, began their operations to seek out the major Indian warships. [98]:333 This involved Indian forces in massive coordinated air, sea and land assaults on Pakistan from all fronts. It was painted red by Bengali blood. Alla fine della guerra, il paesi del Patto di Varsavia furono tra i primi a riconoscere il Bangladesh. Il 4 dicembre il Consiglio di Sicurezza discusse della situazione del sud-est asiatico. Hamoodur Rehman Commission (HRC) Report of Inquiry into the 1971 War (Vanguard Books Lahore, 513). [114][115] The IAF flew 4,000 sorties while the PAF offered little in retaliation, partly because of the paucity of non-Bengali technical personnel. The biggest setback was disintegration of Pakistan with emergence of Bangladesh. Why your go-to-market strategy should be industry focused; Dec. 1, 2020. Anthony Mascarenhas in Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood estimates that during the entire nine-month liberation struggle more than 1 million Bengalis may have died at the hands of the Pakistan Army. On 13 June 1971, an article in the UK's Sunday Times exposed the brutality of Pakistan's suppression of the Bangladeshi uprising. [96] US President Nixon encouraged China to mobilise its armed forces along its border with India to discourage the Indian assault, but the Chinese did not respond to this encouragement since the Indian Army's Northern Command was well prepared to guard the Line of Actual Control, and was already engaging and making advances against the Pakistan Army's X Corps in the Line of Control. Apart from soldiers, it was estimated that 15,000 Bengali civilians were also made prisoners of war. [207][208], According to authors Kenton Worcester, Sally Bermanzohn and Mark Ungar, Bengalis themselves killed about 150,000 non-Bengalis living in the East. Esto es sólo por nombrar algunos de los pocos acontecimientos del torbellino que se está produciendo en Pakistán. [241]:169, After the war, 41 battle honours and 4 theatre honours were awarded to units of the Indian Army; notable among them are:[245]. Via Dhaka Tribune . [84] By the first week of December, the conservative print media outlets in the country had published jihad related materials to boost the recruitment in the military. Inoltre quasi 200 soldati ricercati per crimini di guerra dai bengalesi vennero graziati dall'India. [124], When the conflict started, the war immediately took a decisive turn in favour of India and their Bengali rebel allies militarily and diplomatically. [214], According to John H. Gill, there was widespread polarisation between pro-Pakistan Bengalis and pro-liberation Bengalis during the war, and those internal battles are still playing out in the domestic politics of modern-day Bangladesh. of Eastern Command) and his deputy, V-Adm. M.S. Nell'agosto 1971 venne sancito il trattato di amicizia indo-sovietico. [27] The political tensions between East Bengal and West Pakistan had its origin in the creation of Pakistan as a result of the partition of India by the United Kingdom in 1947; the popular language movement in 1950; mass riots in East Bengal in 1964; and the mass protests in 1969. I campi di addestramento erano situati nei pressi della zona di confine con l'India, che diede tutto il supporto logistico e strategico (Operazione Jackpot). Per fermare le proteste bengalesi che chiedevano il rispetto dei risultati elettorali, le forze militari occuparono tutti i principali centri del Pakistan orientale. [195]:62–63 In addition, Pakistan sought to have a diversified foreign policy, as Pakistani geostrategists had been shocked that both China and the United States provided limited support to Pakistan during the course of the war, with the US displaying an inability to supply weapons that Pakistan needed the most. [27], This lack of retaliation has also been attributed to the deliberate decision of the PAF's Air AHQ to cut its losses, as it had already incurred huge losses in the conflict in the liberation war in the East. [80], The news media's mood in Pakistan had also turned increasingly jingoistic and militaristic against East Pakistan and India when the Pakistani news media reported the complexity of the situation in the East, though the reactions from Pakistan's news media pundits were mixed. Nel 1972 l'accordo di Shimla sancì la fine delle ostilità tra India e Pakistan. Both Pakistan and Bangladesh should look forward for good relationship as both have no other option. The third war between India and Pakistan took place between November 22 (when the Indian's began providing active artillery support to the seperatists) and Dec 17, 1971.