In the words of a former city commissioner: The first formal threat to leave the city was in a letter signed by Giampiero Boniperti on 17 February 1992, to which I answered with a letter on 22 February 1992 (see Matteoli 2002). The Juventus stadium isn't a official page, it's just a place where share our thoughts . . With respect to the United States, the answer to the first part of this question is positive, although not researched specifically. the election of politically non-professional, ordinary civil society people. Castelanni’s coalition combined all the features of a US-style urban regime. The Town Planning Act of 1942, parts of which remain in force, introduced a complex hierarchical system not favourable to city planning (Scattoni and Falco 2011). Given this and also that Turin’s administration was able to secure the support of supra-city governments for the deal informally, regime theory, even in its classic form, positions itself as an effective approach for studying future European cases in countries with similar extra-urban institutions. In the words of a former city commissioner: The first formal threat to leave the city was in a letter signed by Giampiero Boniperti on 17 February 1992, to which I answered with a letter on 22 February 1992 (see Matteoli 2002). Via Druento, 175 10151 Torino - Italia; CONTACT CENTER (+39) 011.45.30.486. The Stadium and the City. Thus, mayors had limited powers in deciding on matters of urban regeneration (Burdett, The turning point for the transformation of Italy’s local government system came in the 1990s, with two major reforms, relating to the direct election of the mayors and the new style of city governance: Law 142/1990 and Law 81/1993. First Monday, 18(11), doi: 10.5210/fm.v18i11.4959. The only known difference between the US and European extra-urban structures applying to sports is that American leagues are exempt from antitrust laws and so they can form cartels controlling the entrance of new teams in a city (Sag et al 2013). Sport, Space and the City. Operazione Continassa. Sullivan NJ. Exhibit 1 shows a poster released by these groups. This article is an attempt to supplement the scarce literature on the urban politics of new private sports stadia in Europe, with some evidence based on Juventus’ stadium project. Available at: http://globalmetrosummit.net/media/nue/2010_NUE_Torino_gmm.pdf (accessed 12 May 2014). Nondiconad, a large Italian mass retail cooperative, acquired from Juventus the rights to manage the commercial area adjacent to the stadium and helped it defray some of the construction costs. European scholars emphasize the local social costs these projects impose in the form of congestion, vandalism, graffiti, noise and litter, that are common causes of concern for local residents (Bale 1993, Bale and Moen 1995, Churchman 1995, Jones 2001). For Stone, if only the elites and the rich can make claims on a strategic local agenda, then governance is not grounded on democratic representation. 49Architect Giorgio Migliavacca conceded to this view: The public administration (Comune, Provincia, Regione) basically wanted to come to an agreement with Juventus because the “Continassa-area” (where the stadium is located) was a strategic area but also problematic (large area not controlled) so …they can be considered also as “allies” because their aim was to modernise that area...the goal of Juventus was to use the area for its economical profit (interview, 3 March 2016). It is also the stronghold of automaker FIAT, which has earned it the label ‘Italian Detroit’. Urban regimes arise as immature, unintended and uncoordinated outcomes of localized crisis-management strategies (see Brenner 2009) or as well-organised informal coalitions that gain legitimacy through the inclusion of local authorities in leadership positions (see e.g. Opponents view new stadia as commercialized manifestations of global capital flows, crystallizing class divisions, separating the elite from the potentially unruly and conducting surveillance that may be perceived as intrusive on civil liberties (Frank and Steets 2010). For many Gino Zavanella is the face of Italian sports architecture. The argument of this work is not that the evidence is necessarily reflective of such politics in all European cities. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. In Seixas J (ed). In March 1997, much earlier than Castellani’s initiation of the 1998-2000 campaign to draft a strategic plan for Turin, city council’s resolution 152 approved a reorganisation plan of Stadio delle Alpi. Stone CN. Keeping Turin's Fiat factory in the family: post-industrial Italy. The Juventus Stadium being built. Description: Tacoma Soccer Stadium New football-specific stadium for the Seattle Sounders reserve team (most likely to be renamed Tacoma FC) is to be built in Tacoma, south of Seattle. Even the supreme administrative court’s 1994 ruling was in favour of Juventus’ bid for a new private stadium. van Ostaaijen, JJC. On Sundays they went to see (the Fiat-owned football team) Juventus. First, he worked closely with the Regional Authority and the Polytechnic School. Either the local regime opted not to fund a new stadium proposal and the decision-making was shifted to the state-level, or the state created a special purpose authority under its auspices to oversee and fund stadium construction. 28Regarding FIAT’s involvement in Turin’s politics and governance, a respected local journalist has stated (O’Leary 2009) that: Globally, a rapport between a city and a company such as that between Fiat and Turin has never existed, and never will. Paper prepared for Workshop 6 “Institutional Innovations in Local Democracy” ECPR JOINT SESSIONS Turin, Italy, 22-27 March. Soave E. 2008. Although it did not turn into a law due to protracted discussions in Parliament, the Bill sought to encourage construction of new stadia and the refurbishment of existing facilities through two kinds of measures: simplifying administrative procedures in order to obtain building permits quickly, and providing financial incentives to the proposer. Juventus, unhappy with this arrangement, came up with a fresh proposal to demolish the delle Alpi stadium and build a private facility in its place, completely new, consistent with the new philosophy of modern stadia as multifunctional venues. It is a fact that, before the 1990's, FIAT was in a conflictual status with Turin's communist government (Locke 1995; Pinson 2002). Aversion and Accommodation: Political change and urban regime analysis in Dutch local government: Rotterdam 1998-2008. The resolution stated, among other things, the city’s commitment to allow both Juventus FC and Torino FC to hold all home games for the domestic cup and internationally, until the end of the 2001-2002 football season. Stone CN. The instrument was sent out in parts so that any doubt that might arise around a query could be resolved before embarking on to the next one. Urban renewal was a political process at heart, which attempted to disaggregate opposition while holding support together [bolds by author]. laws, regulations, court rulings – that determine the status, power and functional capacities of city governments and other autonomous bodies (Province, Metropolitan Area, Region), in the formation and effectiveness of urban regimes and their agenda that includes new private sport stadia projects? Cities in the international marketplace: The political economy of urban development in North America and Western Europe. The plan’s three axes were infrastructure (the physical transformation of the city), technology (the enhancement of the science and technology sectors), and culture (the promotion of culture and leisure). The evolution of urban regime theory: The challenge of conceptualization, Urban Affairs Review 36(6): 810–835. New York: Springer. Supporters laud the positive overall impacts to the city, including substantial savings for public finances and higher revenues for sports clubs (Bennett 2012), enhanced security for spectators and improved international attractiveness (Giulianotti and Robertson 2012). In answering these questions, it is important to realize that, regime analysis fails to explain what occurs in stadium cases such as Chicago’s, with scholars now in search for its refinement or total abolishment. This page was last changed on 4 May 2018, at 08:49. Looking Back to Look Forward Reflections on Urban Regime Analysis. La politica e la città. This is generally put down to football history accumulated over the years as it is built on the site of Juventus… From modern to postmodern: The development of football stadia in Europe. Smith JM. Ravazzi S, Belligni S. 2015. They reiterated the threat continuously, since then, with interviews and articles in La Stampa (interview, 4 March 2016). The city of Turin has not received even one euro from this operation! NY: Oxford University Press. The Juventus Stadium being built. Castelanni’s coalition combined all the features of a US-style urban regime. Stadion Juventus (sebelumnya dikenal dengan nama Juventus Arena) adalah sebuah nama stadion sepak bola di Torino, Piemonte yang menjadi stadion tuan rumah untuk pertandingan klub sepak bola Juventus. In addition, while the football community weighs strongly in Italian political affairs, the municipalities own football stadia and the economic crisis has impeded their renovation or replacement. Torino: ancora lo stadio delle Alpi, Pro Natura Notiziario, Anno 35- Novembre 2008-No. Three days later the first Serie A match was held against Pa… Their main contention is that, in Europe, the material interdependence between political and economic elites is either weak or non-existent, preventing the creation of urban regimes as stable urban coalitions engaged in governance and that ‘social production’ is carried out by the state. Juventus Stadium on Torinossa sijaitseva jalkapallostadion, joka toimii Juventuksen kotistadionina. To understand the urban politics around Juventus’ new football stadium in the city of Turin requires tracing first the city’s local political dynamics within the prevailing extra-urban institutional structure. League Structure & Stadium Rent Seeking - The Antitrust Role Reconsidered, Florida Law Review 65: 1-72. a regime’s longevity and the identity of its nongovernmental members (see Van Ostaaijen 2010), it is now generally recognized that urban regime coalitions are not temporary, their nongovernmental partners are not limited to businesspersons, collaboration is based on social production, and policy agendas are identifiable. 37Beyond its position as capital of the Province and Region, Turin is also the home city for Juventus FC and Torino FC, both clubs accommodated in the municipal stadium, Stadio Communale. 35The 2006 Winter Olympic Games, which Turin had gained in 2000 were an unexpected ‘gift’. Henry IP, Paramio-Salcines JL. Stone’s (1989) study on Atlanta makes abundant reference to opposition from various segments of the city’s society, summarized typically in (p. 38): To actually carry out a program required an ability to keep resources mobilized over a period of years in the face of considerable resistance. Politics was held by Fiat, the company, the church, everything. Maggi and Piperno (1999) have pointed out that this favours the process of privatisation and the formation of powerful local affairs governance coalitions, although they feared this is not helped by the de-professionalization of politics - i.e. laws, regulations, court rulings – that determine the status, power and functional capacities of city governments and other autonomous bodies (Province, Metropolitan Area, Region), in the formation and effectiveness of urban regimes and their agenda that includes new private sport stadia projects? Maggi M, Piperno S. 1999. Almeno un paio di volte all’anno viene domandato al presidente della Juventus Andrea Agnelli se reputi sufficiente la capienza dell’Allianz Stadium. It is also similar with that of critics who argue that building private sports stadia with public money is more suitable to plutocracy and oligarchy than to democracy (Sullivan 2001, Delaney and Eckstein 2003, Bennett 2012). Applications of Case Study Research. Allianz Stadium é um estádio de futebol em Turim, Piemonte, Itália que hospeda os jogos da Juventus e que é de propriedade da mesma sociedade. Juventus’s bid for a new private stadium was successful. It begins by highlighting the main features of the Italian extra-urban institutional structure as regards both city planning powers and the organisation of sport, including construction of new private football stadia. 3In the next sections, this article provides a brief review of regime theory with a discussion of the value of the ‘agency vs structure’ problem for understanding the theory’s cross-national application. Locke R. 1995. The second is much more complex, requiring also the opinion of the Region. Although he was active in the Christian and Social Left circles in Turin, he had no prior previous institutional experience other than being a member of the Italian Socialist Party for a couple of years in the early 1970s. Find Juventus fixtures, results, top scorers, transfer rumours and player profiles, with exclusive photos and video highlights. US Concepts, British Cities and the Limits of Cross-national Applications, Urban Studies 41(11): 2103-2118. Keating M. 1988. Henry IP, Paramio-Salcines JL. European scholars emphasize the local social costs these projects impose in the form of congestion, vandalism, graffiti, noise and litter, that are common causes of concern for local residents (Bale 1993, Bale and Moen 1995, Churchman 1995, Jones 2001). Holman’s 2007 UK study). Construction of new private sports stadia emerges as a topic of interest to urban politics scholars, for it involves power relations. Firstly, there is an ongoing debate over the use of American politics theories in studying cross-national urban affairs, and that invites additional research. 32(4): 425–448. GENEVA (AP) — The national soccer stadium in Albania was chosen Thursday to host the first final of a new European club competition. [However]It is better [for me] not to unveil to you the whole truth…(interview, 28 December 2014). References. There was a Fiat nursery, a Fiat school, summer camps for Fiat holidays. This article examines the local politics around a new private football stadium construction project in Southern Europe, within the frame of urban regime theory. Venue Shopping and the Politics of Urban Development: Lessons from Chicago and Seattle. Available at: www.ires.piemonte.it (accessed 10 May 2014). 38The idea of building a new stadium for Juventus, was the club’s. Allianz Stadium, previously known as Juventus Stadium, replaced Juventus’ old Stadio Delle Alpi, which had only been the home of the club since 1990. The interiors of the Juventus’ new stadium that will be inaugurated on September 6th have been designed by Pininfarina. Researchers on sports stadia in the US, using URT, took their turn to raise the intergovernmentality issue. They accompanied you for the whole arch of your life. Sports stadia and the landscape, Built Environment 21: 6–24. Stone feels comfortable with this criticism: Governing regimes are informal, hence negotiations can easily include state govt. In 1995, Turin’s new masterplan (. ) the political and business circles of the city had finally managed to build a consensus, coming to establish a new pro-growth urban regime the led the city imposing its own agenda for a long period. It is home to the club Juventus FC. This is followed by the research method employed in the analysis of the case and the detailed narratives underlying the urban politics dimensions of Juventus’ new football stadium project, before concluding. Globalisation, stadiums and the consumerist city. The council has always voted “yes” to every request of Juventus. In the words of a media report: Juventus are threatening to leave the city of Turin after the city council failed to back the club's plan to destroy the Delle Alpi… A spokesman for Juventus told Reuters the club was now considering a move out of the city, possibly to the town of Borgaro, just three kilometres from the Delle Alpi but outside of Turin (Geocities 1999, single page). Urban Regimes and Problems of Local Democracy. Stadion ini resmi dibuka pada 8 September 2011 dan memiliki kapasitas 41.000 penonton.. Stadion ini dibangun di atas lahan bekas Stadion Delle Alpi.Beberapa perbedaan antara stadion … Sometimes sport teams threaten to leave their cities unless they build new stadia for them. It exercised a somewhat pre-emptive power strategy to make sure that nobody would do anything to bother it or stand as an obstacle in its way. The local media, especially the newspaper La Stampa owned by FIAT, as well as Juventus’ fans offered symbolic support (Palvarini and Tosi 2013b) – e.g. 442–463, London: Sage. Juventus’ new stadium in Turin was the product of that regime, which had a direct connection with the club’s owners and its actions were amply facilitated by Italy’s extra-urban institutional structure. Sag M, Haddock D, Jacobi T. 2013. Juventus Stadium, known for sponsorship reasons as the Allianz Stadium since July 2017, sometimes simply known in Italy as the Stadium (Italian: Lo Stadium), is an all-seater football stadium in the Vallette borough of Turin, Italy, and the home of Juventus F.C. Savitch and Kantor (2002), among others, were specifically interested in how regimes bargained over local development, focusing on how politics and change was constrained by economics and how cities could work to secure inter-governmental support. Juventus always wanted to have a stadium of its own. Churchman C. 1995. Any remaining errors are mine. Monday to Friday (10 am – 8 pm) and Saturday (10 am – 2 pm), excluding holidays. 18The research, that lasted from 2014–2017, looked for visible fan forums or other organized internet websites in support or opposition to the project but found none and Juventus’ official website included only a list of the stadium’s stages of construction. With this evidence in hand, the key questions for future research should be conducted on the impact of financial challenges and constrictions on municipalities and how those challenges might sway them to seek resources from business and social spheres in order to accomplish their goal. Cities in the international marketplace: The political economy of urban development in North America and Western Europe. Cities and territorial competitiveness, in: C. Rumford (ed.). The increased marketization of sports has favoured the construction of modern football stadia as multi-functional places, not only with sports grounds, but also with museums, shopping centres, cinemas, hotels, etc., encouraging new forms of consumption. Stone himself (1989 p. 41) notes: The actions of ten or more official bodies had to be coordinated for urban renewal to proceed: the state government and the state voting public that approved the changes in the Georgia constitution and laws to allow urban renewal. About Juventus FC Tickets at Allianz Stadium You can purchase Juventus FC tickets securely online or over the phone. Bennett JT. While the answer to the second part of the question appears to be negative – as already explained – European scholars have not dealt with the issue as of yet. However, the evidence represents an additional step in testing the cross-national application of American urban politics theories and in contributing to the relevant debate on sports stadia specifically. 2012. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. FIAT controlled local politics essentially by ‘dictating’ its terms to the local authority. Stone (1989, p. 183) proposes that in Atlanta ‘, one governing coalition…formed and held sway over its challengers for more than forty years. Also, several social and environmental associations tried to oppose the project, but again they did not succeed, Beyond objections to altering the use of an agricultural area near the Alps, PNT contended that self-financing by Juventus was a myth, as the idea is always to use public resources such as the Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano (CONI). Until 2006, as Stadio Communale was being renovated into Stadio Olimpico to host the 2006 Winter Olympics, the delle Alpi. In addition, the central government dictated regional and local affairs, as both regional governors and mayors were political appointees. In addition, the central government dictated regional and local affairs, as both regional governors and mayors were political appointees. The project aimed at demolishing a recently renovated municipal stadium in Turin, Italy and building a new one for Juventus FC. Cities and territorial competitiveness, in: C. Rumford (ed.) 56The criticism advanced by all those opponents, intellectuals and sceptics was not enough to place the project off its track. Policy change without metamorphosis: The 1993-2011 urban regime in Turin. The Juventus Stadium, home of the Juventus Football Club, is located in the city of Turin. 2The aim of this article is to employ regime analysis, an American urban political theory, in order to unveil the political dimensions of a private football stadium project for Juventus FC in the city of Turin, Italy. It exercised a somewhat pre-emptive power strategy to make sure that nobody would do anything to bother it or stand as an obstacle in its way. The evolution of urban regime theory: The challenge of conceptualization. OpenEdition member – Published with Lodel – Administration only, You will be redirected to OpenEdition Search. FIAT and the Agnelli family were also making sure that their friends received appointments in important managerial positions in public and semi-public organisations. The key connection is that state officials, such as the state's governor see the economic health of the state tied up in how much Atlanta thrives (private communication, 21 June 2016). 44In December 2005, the city council passed variant 123, which increased the share of commercial activities provided in the district Stadio delle Alpi further.