[Nota 2]​. [94] Spruance judged that the need to throw something at the enemy as soon as possible was greater than the need to coordinate the attack by aircraft of different types and speeds (fighters, bombers, and torpedo bombers). [187], After the battle, Shōkaku and Zuikaku were the only large carriers of the original Pearl Harbor strike force still afloat. [8]​ En su lugar escogió el pequeño atolón de Midway, ubicado en el extremo norte de Hawái, a unos 2100 kilómetros de la isla de Oahu. They also note, however, that doing so would have violated Japanese carrier doctrine, which stressed that carriers and their air groups must train as a single unit. [90]​, Después de la batalla, y sabiendo que habían conseguido una gran victoria, los estadounidenses se retiraron de la región. This was one of the carriers from Task Force 16. This would place them at about 155 nautical miles (287 km; 178 mi) from the Japanese fleet, assuming it did not change course. Midway no era especialmente importante en el expansionismo territorial de Japón,[12]​[13]​ pero supuso que ante un ataque Estados Unidos defendería el atolón con mucha fuerza, así que una eventual victoria permitiría destruir parte importante de la flota enemiga. Ford fue condecorado con un Corazón Púrpura y su trabajo fue ganador del Óscar al mejor documental largo en la 15.ª entrega de los premios de la Academia. [42] In addition, many of the aircraft being used during the June 1942 operations had been operational since late November 1941 and, although they were well-maintained, many were almost worn out and had become increasingly unreliable. The IJA occupied these islands to place the Japanese home islands out of range of U.S. land-based bombers across Alaska, making Japan the first foreign nation to occupy U.S. soil since the War of 1812. DUIN QOMKJHQKQKQ. Este plan se frustró cuando los submarinos que debían reabastecer de combustible a los aviones descubrieron que el punto de reabastecimiento previsto —hasta entonces una bahía desierta frente a French Frigate Shoals— estaba ocupado por buques estadounidenses, no estaban al tanto porque la última exploración a esa zona se había hecho en marzo. Finally, much of Yamamoto's planning, coinciding with the general feeling among the Japanese leadership at the time, was based on a gross misjudgment of American morale, which was believed to be debilitated from the string of Japanese victories in the preceding months. The first plane took off from Spruance's carriers Enterprise and Hornet a few minutes after 07:00. Diskussion:Douglas SBD Dauntless. Además, en 1976 se estrenó en los Estados Unidos la película La batalla de Midway, un filme bélico en technicolor dirigido por Jack Smight. Mitsuo Fuchida, the Japanese aviator who had led the attack on Pearl Harbor, was on Akagi when it was hit, and described the attack: A look-out screamed: "Hell-Divers!" The strike from Hornet, led by Commander Stanhope C. Ring, followed an incorrect heading of 265 degrees rather than the 240 degrees indicated by the contact report. Este requería la coordinación cuidadosa y oportuna de muchos grupos a cientos de kilómetros en mar abierto. More carrier crew members were trained in damage-control and firefighting techniques, although the losses later in the war of Shōkaku, Hiyō, and especially Taihō suggest that there were still problems in this area. Lo (formerly Midway) CVE 63", "Biography of Rear Admiral John Ford; U.S. [106] The appearance of a third torpedo plane attack from the southeast by VT-3 from Yorktown, led by LCDR Lance Edward Massey at 10:00 very quickly drew the majority of the Japanese CAP to the southeast quadrant of the fleet. [16] The U.S. did consider Midway vital: after the battle, the establishment of a U.S. submarine base on Midway allowed submarines operating from Pearl Harbor to refuel and re-provision, extending their radius of operations by 1,200 miles (1,900 km). [125], Approximately one hour later, Hiryū's second attack wave, consisting of ten B5Ns and six escorting A6Ms, arrived over Yorktown; the repair efforts had been so effective that the Japanese pilots assumed that Yorktown must be a different, undamaged carrier. Seller: Dodax EU. [14]​, Las estrategias navales de Japón fueron excesivamente complejas durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y el plan de batalla de Yamamoto para Midway —en código la «Operación MI»— no fue la excepción. six-carrier force that had attacked Pearl Harbor, shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto's airplane, Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, "A Brief History of Aircraft Carriers: Battle of Midway", "Oil and Japanese Strategy in the Solomons: A Postulate", "Battle of Midway: Repairing the Yorktown After the Battle of the Coral Sea", "U.S. National Park Service: The Battle of Midway: Turning the Tide in the Pacific 1. Al principio todos se preguntaban que significaba o qué lugar era «AF», pero más tarde el comandante Joseph Rochefort y su equipo en la estación HYPO pudieron confirmar que se trataba de Midway. [119], Within six minutes, Sōryū and Kaga were ablaze from stem to stern, as fires spread through the ships. For the remainder of that day and then 9 June, Fletcher continued to launch search missions from the three carriers to ensure the Japanese were no longer advancing on Midway. [81] Nagumo's opportunity to hit the American ships[82] was now limited by the imminent return of his Midway strike force. Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Después de lanzar su campaña militar en el sudeste asiático, el Imperio del Japón alcanzó rápidamente sus primeros objetivos estratégicos al tomar las Filipinas, la Malasia británica, Singapur y las Indias Orientales Neerlandesas —actual Indonesia—. Dauntless: The Battle of Midway subtítulos. It was intended only for the highest echelons in the Japanese Navy and government and was guarded closely throughout the war. [80], Nagumo was now in a quandary. Hornet's strike, launched late because of a communications error, concentrated on the remaining escort ships, but failed to score any hits. Captain Buckmaster's American flag was still flying. Air Group Commander C. Wade McClusky, Jr. decided to continue the search, and by good fortune spotted the wake of the Japanese destroyer Arashi, steaming at full speed to rejoin Nagumo's carriers after having unsuccessfully depth-charged U.S. submarine Nautilus, which had unsuccessfully attacked the battleship Kirishima. Nimitz knew that the Japanese had negated their numerical advantage by dividing their ships into four separate task groups, too widely separated to be able to support each other. Estos cayeron sobre los portaaviones enemigos, que para entonces estaban con las cubiertas llenas de aviones cargados con combustible y armados para iniciar el contrataque, en condiciones extremadamente vulnerables. [61], Under heavy anti-aircraft fire, they dropped their bombs. A miscommunication caused both of the squadrons to dive at Kaga. After expanding the war in the Pacific to include Western outposts, the Japanese Empire had attained its initial strategic goals quickly, taking the Philippines, Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia); the latter, with its vital oil resources, was particularly important to Japan. Despite initial hopes that Akagi could be saved or at least towed back to Japan, all three carriers were eventually abandoned and scuttled. La primera oleada de bombarderos japoneses dañó gravemente al Yorktown con tres impactos de bomba que apagaron su caldera, inmovilizándolo: sin embargo, en aproximadamente una hora, sus dañados equipos de control fueron reparados con tanta eficacia que los bombarderos de la segunda oleada creyeron que se trataba de otro. It was accepted that the lack of coordination would diminish the impact of the American attacks and increase their casualties, but Spruance calculated that this was worthwhile, since keeping the Japanese under aerial attack impaired their ability to launch a counterstrike (Japanese tactics preferred fully constituted attacks), and he gambled that he would find Nagumo with his flight decks at their most vulnerable. Accordingly, American squadrons were launched piecemeal and proceeded to the target in several different groups. [122] All three carriers remained temporarily afloat, as none had suffered damage below the waterline, other than the rudder damage to Akagi caused by the near miss close astern. Midway was not especially important in the larger scheme of Japan's intentions, but the Japanese felt the Americans would consider Midway a vital outpost of Pearl Harbor and would therefore be compelled to defend it vigorously. Así, su radio de operaciones se extendía hasta 1900 kilómetros. Ballard's subsequent search for the Japanese carriers was unsuccessful. Il 4 giugno 1942 la battaglia delle Midway ha inizio: la base viene colpita duramente dai bombardieri giapponesi, e il regista John Ford viene gravemente ferito mentre sta girando il suo documentario, ma i bombardieri decollati dall'isola, che fanno parte sia dei Marines, sia della USAAF, sia della Marina, prima dell'arrivo dei nemici attaccano a loro volta la flotta nipponica, subendo però gravissime perdite. [47]​, De este modo, la 5.ª División de Portaaviones —que tenía los dos más avanzados de la Kidō Butai— no estaría disponible, por lo que el vicealmirante Nagumo tenía solo dos tercios de los portaviones a su disposición: el Kaga y el Akagi de la 1.ª División, junto al Hiryū y el Sōryū de la 2.ª División. [175][176], The Battle of Midway has often been called "the turning point of the Pacific". £12.92. Douglas SBD Dauntless adalah pesawat pengintai dan pembom tukik angkatan laut sayap rendah (low wing) Amerika Perang Dunia II yang diproduksi oleh Douglas Aircraft dari 1940 sampai 1944.. SBD ("Scout Bomber Douglas") adalah pesawat pengintai di kapal induk Angkatan Laut AS dan pembom tukik dari pertengahan 1940 sampai pertengahan 1944. Because of this, preliminary planning for the second phase of operations commenced as early as January 1942. Las cifras de las víctimas japonesas durante la batalla fueron recopiladas por Sawaichi Hisae, en su libro, La referencia utiliza el parámetro obsoleto. [140] At about the same time as this change of course, Tambor was sighted and during maneuvers designed to avoid a submarine attack, the heavy cruisers Mogami and Mikuma collided, inflicting serious damage on Mogami's bow. [184] Parshall and Tully have stated that the heavy losses in veteran aircrew (110, just under 25% of the aircrew embarked on the four carriers)[185] were not crippling to the Japanese naval air corps as a whole; the Japanese navy had 2,000 carrier-qualified aircrews at the start of the Pacific war. Slaget var fremkaldt af Japan og varede fra 4. til 7. juni 1942 . [132], Finally, fearing a possible night encounter with Japanese surface forces,[132] and believing Yamamoto still intended to invade, based in part on a misleading contact report from the submarine Tambor,[133] Spruance changed course and withdrew to the east, turning back west towards the enemy at midnight. Midway fue el debut de este avión, el de mayor tamaño de los utilizados en los portaaviones norteamericanos durante la IIGM. [92]​, La batalla de Midway es frecuentemente llamada por los historiadores como el «punto de inflexión» de la Guerra del Pacífico. Los bombarderos estadounidenses —cuya base estaba en la isla— despegaron antes de ser dañados por los japoneses, e hicieron varios ataques contra la flota nipona. Los instructores del Cuerpo Aéreo de Yokosuka fueron empleados en un esfuerzo para compensar este déficit. [76]​[77]​, Al mismo tiempo, mientras la indecisión se apoderaba del mando japonés, desde las 07:00 el almirante Fletcher había puesto en marcha a los aviones del Yorktown para que atacasen a los portaaviones japoneses. At 02:55, these ships received Yamamoto's order to retire and changed course to comply. After receiving medical care, at least one of these sailors cooperated during interrogation and provided intelligence. [77], At 07:15, Nagumo ordered his reserve planes to be re-armed with contact-fused general-purpose bombs for use against land targets. By June 1942, the Japanese Navy has swept across the Pacific. [98]​ Los estrategas japoneses no previeron un conflicto militar de larga duración y, por lo tanto, no tuvieron la capacidad para reponer rápidamente las pérdidas en navíos, aeronaves, marineros y principalmente pilotos. [180], Although the Japanese continued to try to secure more territory, and the U.S. did not move from a state of naval parity to one of supremacy until after several more months of hard combat,[181] Midway allowed the Allies to switch to the strategic initiative, paving the way for the landings on Guadalcanal and the prolonged attrition of the Solomon Islands campaign. Simultaneously, he detached a cruiser raiding force to bombard the island. The destroyers Arashio and Asashio were also bombed and strafed during the last of these attacks. [62], At 04:30 on 4 June, Nagumo launched his initial attack on Midway itself, consisting of 36 Aichi D3A dive bombers and 36 Nakajima B5N torpedo bombers, escorted by 36 Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters. [91]​ La pérdida de los cuatro portaaviones enviados a Midway, además de un gran número de sus bien formados e irremplazables pilotos navales, interrumpió la expansión de Japón por el resto del Pacífico. At the same time, he launched his eight search aircraft (one from the heavy cruiser Tone launched 30 minutes late). Five torpedo bombers and two fighters were shot down in this attack. [23]​ Por ejemplo, a pesar de que se esperaba que los portaaviones de Nagumo soportaran la peor parte de los contraataques, los únicos buques de la flota que eran más grandes que los doce destructores que los encubrían eran dos acorazados rápidos de clase Kongō, dos cruceros pesados y un crucero ligero. Coming under an onslaught of bombs from almost two full squadrons, Kaga sustained at least four direct hits, which caused heavy damage and started multiple fires. Esto permitió a los portaaviones estadounidenses pasar por ese punto y alcanzar «Point Luck», su punto de encuentro al noreste de Midway, sin ser detectados. [47] A second attempt at reconnaissance, using four-engine H8K "Emily" flying boats to scout Pearl Harbor prior to the battle and detect whether the American carriers were present, part of Operation K, was thwarted when Japanese submarines assigned to refuel the search aircraft discovered that the intended refueling point—a hitherto deserted bay off French Frigate Shoals—was now occupied by American warships because the Japanese had carried out an identical mission in March. Los Aliados introdujeron los nombres en clave «Val», «Kate» y«Zeke» —que a menudo se usan para designar a estos aviones— recién a finales de 1943. In the late afternoon of 6 June, the Japanese submarine I-168, which had managed to slip through the cordon of destroyers (possibly because of the large amount of debris in the water), fired a salvo of torpedoes, two of which struck Yorktown. Instructors from the Yokosuka Air Corps were employed in an effort to make up the shortfall. (19 de noviembre de 2006). En las taquillas logró recaudar 43 220 000 dólares estadounidenses. [30]​, Durante la batalla del Mar del Coral, el portaaviones ligero Shōhō fue hundido y el portaviones Shōkaku recibió el impacto de tres bombas, por lo que estaría bajo reparaciones en dique seco por meses. Unfortunately sold out. El nuevo código, que tardó varios días en ser descifrado, entró en uso el 24 de mayo, pero para ese entonces los mensajes más importantes ya se habían decodificado. [79]​ [135] It was fortunate for the U.S. that Spruance did not pursue, for had he come in contact with Yamamoto's heavy ships, including Yamato, in the dark and considering the Japanese Navy's superiority in night-attack tactics at the time, there is a very high probability his cruisers would have been overwhelmed and his carriers sunk. [93] Spruance ordered the striking aircraft to proceed to target immediately, rather than waste time waiting for the strike force to assemble, since neutralizing enemy carriers was the key to the survival of his own task force. Unescorted bombers headed off to attack the Japanese carriers, their fighter escorts remaining behind to defend Midway. Los japoneses generalmente se referían al D3A como «bombardero en picado embarcado Tipo 99», al B5N como «bombardero de ataque embarcado Tipo 97» y al A6M como «caza embarcado Tipo 0», por esa razón a este último también se le conoce conoce coloquialmente como «Zero». Vino a sustituir al TBD "Devastator", de inferiores características, al que acompañó dando los golpes de gracia a los buque japoneses durante la batalla. Three hours later, they found Tanaka's transport group 570 nautical miles (660 miles; 1,060 kilometers) to the west. Esta página se editó por última vez el 24 nov 2020 a las 10:30. Despite Hiryū being defended by a strong cover of more than a dozen Zero fighters, the attack by Enterprise and orphaned Yorktown aircraft launched from Enterprise was successful: four bombs (possibly five) hit Hiryū, leaving her ablaze and unable to operate aircraft. Solo tres de ellos consiguieron volver a Midway. [81]​[82]​ Con aviones similares el segundo asalto acabó casi de la misma manera: la flota aérea atacante destruida casi en su totalidad y la japonesa prácticamente intacta. Spread the word! En la batalla del Mar de Coral, librada un mes antes, el USS Lexington se había hundido y el USS Yorktown había sido gravemente dañado al punto que los japoneses pensaron que también se había perdido. A las 09:20, la primera oleada de los torpederos de Spruance llegó sobre sus objetivos. The dive bombers were as yet unarmed (although this was doctrinal: dive bombers were to be armed on the flight deck). Los primeros aviones enviados para atacar a los japoneses tuvieron dificultades para encontrarlos en la vastedad del océano, incluso con las coordenadas que habían entregado las patrullas de observación, pero cuando finalmente se toparon con ellos aconteció una de las mayores acciones de sacrificio realizadas en una batalla perdida que, sin embargo, se transformaría en una victoria. [107] Better discipline and the employment of a greater number of Zeroes for the CAP might have enabled Nagumo to prevent (or at least mitigate) the damage caused by the coming American attacks. [108], By chance, at the same time VT-3 was sighted by the Japanese, three squadrons of SBDs from Enterprise and Yorktown were approaching from the southwest and northeast. For a variety of reasons, production of the "Val" had been drastically reduced, while that of the "Kate" had been stopped completely and, as a consequence, there were none available to replace losses. Because of the extreme depth of the ocean in the area of the battle (more than 17,000 ft or 5,200 m), researching the battlefield has presented extraordinary difficulties. The raid, while militarily insignificant, was a shock to the Japanese and showed the existence of a gap in the defenses around the Japanese home islands as well as the vulnerability of Japanese territory to American bombers. [58]​[59]​ Un segundo intento de reconocimiento, parte de la Operación K, iba a usar hidrocanoas Kawanishi H8K «Emily» para explorar Pearl Harbor antes de la batalla y detectar la presencia de los portaviones estadounidenses. There were few casualties aboard since most of the crew had already been evacuated, but a third torpedo from this salvo struck the destroyer USS Hammann, which had been providing auxiliary power to Yorktown. The crew of the Petrel research vessel, in conjunction with the U.S. Navy, revealed on 18 October 2019 that it had found the Japanese carrier Kaga lying 5.4 km beneath the waves. The Battle of Midway was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place on 4–7 June 1942, six months after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea. A picket line of Japanese submarines was late getting into position (partly because of Yamamoto's haste), which let the American carriers reach their assembly point northeast of Midway (known as "Point Luck") without being detected. Uncertain of whether they were friendly or not and unwilling to approach any closer to verify their heading or type, Murphy decided to send a vague report of "four large ships" to Admiral Robert English, Commander, Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet (COMSUBPAC). Sailors, including Ensign John d'Arc Lorenz called it an incalculable inspiration: "For the first time I realized what the flag meant: all of us—a million faces—all our effort—a whisper of encouragement. [112] Most of the Japanese CAP was directing its attention to the torpedo planes of VT-3 and was out of position; meanwhile, armed Japanese strike aircraft filled the hangar decks, fuel hoses snaked across the decks as refueling operations were hastily being completed, and the repeated change of ordnance meant that bombs and torpedoes were stacked around the hangars, rather than stowed safely in the magazines, making the Japanese carriers extraordinarily vulnerable.[113]. [148] The heavy cruisers Mikuma (sunk; 700 casualties) and Mogami (badly damaged; 92) accounted for another 792 deaths. [84] Spotting his flight decks and launching aircraft would have required at least 30 minutes. Dauntless / La Battaglia Di Midway (BRD+DVD) za 484,43 Kč. Naval Reserve", "Oral History – Battle of Midway:Recollections of Commander John Ford", History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942, The Japanese Story of the Battle of Midway, "The Course to Midway Turning Point in the Pacific", Naval History and Heritage Command Midway Page, "The Japanese Story of the Battle of Midway", After Midway: The Fates of the U.S. and Japanese Warships, Radioman: An Eyewitness Account of Pearl Harbor and World War II in the Pacific, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Midway&oldid=995664483, Naval battles of World War II involving Japan, Naval battles of World War II involving the United States, United States Marine Corps in World War II, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.